Title Onečišćenje zraka i astma Title (english) Air pollution and asthma Author Nika Senjanović Mentor Marija Gomerčić Palčić (mentor) Committee member Sanja Popović-Grle (predsjednik povjerenstva) Committee member Marko Jakopović (član povjerenstva) Committee member Marija Gomerčić Palčić (član povjerenstva) Granter University of Zagreb Defense date and country 2024-07-12, Croatia Scientific / art field, BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE Abstract Onečišćenje zraka je jedan od vodećih ekoloških rizika na ljudsko zdravlje u cijelom svijetu. Prema podatcima Svjetske zdravstvene organizacije (eng. World Health Organization, WHO) većina populacije živi u područjima nezadovoljavajuće kvalitete zraka što utječe na ljudsko zdravlje osobito na dišni sustav. Astma je kronična bolest dišnog sustava karakterizirana upalom, opstrukcijom dišnog puta i bronhalnom hiperreaktivnošću. Glavni izvori zagađivača zraka rezultat su ljudskog djelovanja, primjerice onečišćenje iz prometa, industrije i izgaranje biomase. Lebdeće čestice (eng. particulate matter, PM), prizemni ozon (O3), dušikov dioksid (NO2), sumporov dioksid (SO2), ugljikov monoksid (CO) i dim cigareta neki su od najznačajnijih zagađivača s negativnim utjecajem na dišni sustav. Mnoga istraživanja do sada pokazuju jasnu povezanost između kratkotrajne izloženosti onečišćenju zraka u vanjskom okolišu i različitih ishoda astme, uključujući povećanu pojavu simptoma i egzacerbacija u osoba oboljelih od astme, povećan broj posjeta hitnim službama i hospitalizacija, te smanjenje plućne funkcije. Novija istraživanja pokazuju da onečišćenje zraka djeluje i na porast prevalencije astme u djece. Međutim, nedovoljno je podataka koji ukazuju na utjecaj onečišćenja zraka i na razvoj astme u odrasloj dobi. Patofiziološki mehanizmi djelovanja onečišćenja zraka u bolesnika s astmom još uvijek nisu dovoljno poznati i intenzivno se istražuju. Smatra se da glavni mehanizmi koji povezuju onečišćenje zraka i astmu uključuju poticanje upale, povećanje oksidativnog stresa u dišnom sustavu pojedinca, promjena odgovora imunološkog sustava, povećanje osjetljivosti na alergene. Ovi učinci biti će izraženiji u genetskih predisponiranih pojedinaca, a smatra se da glavnu ulogu imaju epigenetičke modifikacije. Učinkovitim mjerama i intervencijama za poboljšanje kvalitete zraka na globalnoj i lokalnoj razini mogli bismo utjecati na poboljšanje kvalitete života i ishode milijuna ljudi oboljelih od astme, ali i zdravih pojedinaca.
Abstract (english) Air pollution is one of the most significant environmental risks to human health worldwide. The data from WHO indicate that the majority of the world's population lives in places of unsatisfactory air quality, which affects human health, especially the respiratory system. Asthma is a chronic respiratory disease characterized by airway inflammation, airway obstruction and bronchial hyperreactivity. The main sources of air pollutants are the results of human activity, such as traffic-related air pollution, industries and the burning of biomass. Particulate matter (PM), ground-level ozone (O3), nitrogen dioxide (NO2), sulfur dioxide (SO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and second-hand smoking (SHS) represent some of the most significant air pollutants with a negative impact on the respiratory system. Many studies have demonstrated so far a clear association between short-term exposure to air pollution and different asthma outcomes, including an increase of asthma symptoms, asthma exacerbations, emergency room visits, hospitalizations and decreased lung function. Recent findings suggest that air pollution is associated with an increased incidence of asthma, especially in children. However, there is insufficient data indicating the relation between air pollution and development of adult asthma. The pathophysiological mechanisms of air pollution in asthma patients are still not well understood and are being intensively studied. It is believed that the main mechanisms linking air pollution and asthma include induction of inflammation, oxidative stress, alter immune system response, and increase sensitivity to allergens. These effects are likely to be more pronounced in genetically susceptible individuals, and epigenetic modifications are believed to play a crucial role. Effective global and local measures and interventions to improve air quality could improve life quality and outcomes for millions of asthma patients, as well as for the healthy individuals.
Keywords
onečišćenje zraka
astma
egzacerbacija astme
patogeneza
prevencija
Keywords (english)
air pollution
asthma
asthma exacerbation
inflammatory pathways
interventions
Language croatian URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:105:742983 Study programme Title: Medicine Type of resource Text File origin Born digital Access conditions Open access Terms of use Created on 2024-07-03 13:50:26
