Liječenje boli

master's thesis

• Title (english): Pain management
• Author: Jelena Rukavina
• Mentor: Tomislav Radočaj (mentor)
• Committee member: Marinko Vučić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Dinko Tonković (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Tomislav Radočaj (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; School of Medicine; (Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care in Surgical Specialities); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2024-09-11, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Clinical Medical Sciences; Anesthesiology and Reanimatology

Abstract

Bol je jedinstveni i kompleksan doživljaj u ljudskom životu. Percepcija bolnog podražaja ovisna je o mnoštvu čimbenika kao što su genetsko naslijeđe, okolina, emocije, prethodno iskustvo, te individualne karakteristike pojedinca. Nastanak boli može biti povezan s ozljedom tkiva, no ne mora. U dijagnostici intenziteta boli pomaže korištenje različitih skala od kojih je najučinkovitija VAS.

Terapija boli sastoji se od farmakoloških i nefarmakoloških metoda. Upotreba lijekova u liječenju boli temelji se na „WHO analgetskim ljestvama“. Bol manjeg intenziteta liječi se slabim analgeticima koji imaju manje nuspojava. Takvi lijekovi su NSAID, paracetamol i adjuvantni lijekovi. Kod boli većeg intenziteta ili rezistentne boli, propisuju se jači analgetici kao što su opioidni analgetici. Zbog rizika od nastanka ovisnosti i mnoštva nuspojava opioidnih lijekova, liječnici uključuju nefarmakološke metode u terapiju boli. Kod neframakološkog pristupa, liječenje se temelji na korištenju struja, magneta, radiofrekventnih valova, te kirurških zahvata u svrhu supresije boli. Osim peroralnih lijekova, farmakološki pripravci se još mogu aplicirati topikalno ili invazivno u obliku regionalnih blokova.

Liječnik pri odabiru optimalne terapije za pacijenta, trebao bi uzeti u obzir sve čimbenike koji utječu na percepciju boli, te uz temeljitu anamnezu osmisliti terapijski plan liječenja. Kako bi odabrao najučinkovitiji plan liječenja, liječnik treba biti educiran o svim dostupnim metodama liječenja koje su danas moguće.

Abstract (english)

Pain is a unique and complex experience in human life. The perception of painful stimuli depends on numerous factors such as genetic inheritance, environment, emotions, prior experiences, and individual characteristics. The onset of pain may be associated with tissue injury, but it is not always the case. Various scales, with the Visual Analog Scale (VAS) being the most effective, are used in diagnosing pain intensity.

Pain therapy includes pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Pharmacological treatment is guided by the "WHO analgesic ladder". Mild pain is treated with weak analgesics that have fewer side effects, such as NSAIDs, acetaminophen, and adjuvant medications. For more intense or resistant pain, stronger analgesics like opioid analgesics are prescribed. Due to the risk of addiction and numerous side effects associated with opioids, physicians incorporate non-pharmacological methods into pain therapy. Non-pharmacological approaches may involve electrical currents, magnets, radiofrequency waves, and surgical interventions aimed at pain suppression. In addition to oral medications, pharmacological preparations can also be applied topically or invasively through regional blocks.

When choosing the optimal therapy for a patient, physicians should consider all factors influencing pain perception and design a therapeutic treatment plan based on thorough medical history. To select the most effective treatment plan, physicians should be educated about all available treatment methods currently possible.

• Keywords: bol; farmakološko liječenje boli; nefarmakološko liječenje boli; dijagnostika boli; patofiziologija boli
• Keywords (english): pain; pharmacological pain treatment; non-pharmacological pain treatment; pain diagnosis; pathophysiology of pain
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:105:238360
• Study programme: Title: Medicine; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2024-09-12 11:08:25