Morfološka i funkcionalna svojstva piramidnih neurona neokorteksa čovjeka

master's thesis

• Title (english): Morphological and functional characteristics of pyramidal neurons of the human neocortex
• Author: Tvrtko Tupek
• Mentor: Zdravko Petanjek (mentor)
• Committee member: Nataša Jovanov Milošević (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Sanja Darmopil (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Zdravko Petanjek (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; School of Medicine; (Department of Anatomy and Clinical Anatomy); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2016-07-15, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Basic Medical Sciences; Anatomy

Abstract

Piramidni neuroni najzastupljeniji su neuroni moždane kore čovjeka. Njihov udio iznosi 70% do 85%, dok ostalih 15% do 30% čine tzv. nepiramidni interneuroni. Obzirom na morfologiju dendritičkog stabla piramidne neurone dijelimo na tipične i atipične (modificirane). Tipičan piramidni neuron ima tijelo u obliku stošca s jednim debelim dendritom koji je usmjeren okomito na površinu i razgranjuje se u prvom sloju moždane kore, nekoliko dendrita koji polaze s baze i usmjereni su prema bijeloj tvari, dendrite prekrivene trnovima, duge aksone koji ulaze u bijelu tvar kao asocijacijska, komisuralna ili projekcijska vlakna. Piramidni neuroni su ekscitacijski i sintetiziraju glutamat kao neurotransmitor. Modificirani piramidni neuroni su populacija koja odstupa u nekom od morfoloških svojstava od tipičnih oblika, ali sintetizira glutamat kao neurotransmitor i prekrivena je dendritičkim trnovima. Piramidni neuroni šalju akson u druge dijelove moždane kore, te druge ekstrakortikalne dijelove središnjeg živčanog sustava. Na njima završava većina aksona koji dolaze iz drugih kortikalnih područja, talamusa i susjednih piramida putem intrakortikalnih aksonskih kolaterala. Stoga se oni definiraju i kao glavna populacija („principal cells“). Piramidni neuroni posjeduju iznimno svojstvo plastičnosti koje je ključno u procesima učenja i pamćenja, poglavito na dendritičkim trnovima. Promjene morfoloških i funkcionalnih svojstava opisane su u brojnim neurološkim i psihijatrijskim poremećajima.

Abstract (english)

Pyramidal neurons are the most common neuron type in the cerebral cortex. They form the majority of neurons with ratio between 70% and 85%, while the remaining 15 to 30% are so-called nonpyramidal neurons. Based on their morphological features, pyramidal neurons are classified into two groups: typical and atypical (modified). Typical pyramidal neurons have conical cell body with prominent apical dendrite perpendicular to surface branching in the cortical layer I, several dendrites arising from base and oriented towards to the adjacent white matter, dendrites covered by spines, and finally, long axons that form association, commissural or projection fibers. Pyramidal neurons are excitatory and synthetize glutamate as neurotransmitter. Modified pyramidal neurons are populations that do not show all typical morphological features but synthetize glutamate and are covered with spines. Since cortical, thalamic and local excitatory afferents target mainly pyramidal cells and all efferent cortical pathways originate from pyramidal neurons they are considered as principal cortical cells. These neurons possess a remarkable ability to change their morphology and physiological properties that is called plasticity with the key role in processes of learning and memory. This feature is mainly the property of dendritic spines. Changes in morphological and functional properties of pyramidal neurons are described in many neurological and psychiatric disturbances.

• Keywords: piramidalni neuron; neokorteks; sinapsa; plastičnost
• Keywords (english): pyramidal neuron; neocortex; synapse; plasticity
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:105:454396
• Study programme: Title: Medicine; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2017-08-11 09:20:23