Anatomske, histološke i biokemijske osnove spavanja i snova

master's thesis

• Title (english): Anatomical, histological and biochemical basis of sleep and dreams
• Author: Petar Fekete
• Mentor: Anton Glasnović (mentor)
• Committee member: Srećko Gajović (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Dinko Mitrečić (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Anton Glasnović (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; School of Medicine; (Department of Histology and Embryology); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2020-09-11, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Basic Medical Sciences; Cytology, Histology and Embryology

Abstract

Spavanje je fiziološko, promjenjivo stanje svijesti i uma karakterizirano reduciranom aktivnošću i odgovoru na vanjske osjetne podražaje. Postoje dvije faze spavanja: REM i NREM faza spavanja. Zajedno one čine jedan ciklus spavanja koji traje oko 90
minuta i ponavlja se do šest puta tijekom spavanja. Specifičan fenomen javlja se za vrijeme spavanja čiju ulogu i pojavu i danas mnogi znanstvenici žele objasniti, a to su snovi. Snovi su niz slika, ideja, emocija i osjeta koji se nevoljno događaju u mislima za vrijeme spavanja. Većina snova odvija se u REM fazi spavanja i takvi snovi su opisani kao životopisni i često bizarni za razliku od snova u NREM fazi kojih se teže sjećamo nakon buđenja i koji su realniji. Evolucijski gledano razvoj spavanja je tekao postepeno i postajao sve složeniji. Gmazovi su bili prva vrsta koja je razvila oblik spavanja koji možemo nazvati primitivnim snom. Pojavom ptica i sisavaca i njihovom mogućnošću održavanja stalne tjelesne temperature došlo je do razvoja sna kakav
danas poznajemo koji se sastoji od NREM i REM faze spavanja. Spavanje gotov uvijek započinje NREM fazom koja je podijeljena na tri podfaze i teče od laganog sna prema dubokom snu kojim završava NREM faza spavanja. Gledajući EEG zapis
može se uočiti da se moždana aktivnost postepeno smanjuje od alfa i beta moždanih valova koji su prisutni u budnom stanju pa sve do najsporijih theta moždanih valova koji su prisutni u dubokom snu. Završetkom NREM faze započinje REM faza spavanja u kojoj se moždana aktivnost povećava te se na EEG-u mogu vidjeti alfa i beta moždani valovi. Fiziološke promjene koje se događaju za vrijeme spavanja zahvaćaju gotovo sve organske sustave. Promjene koje zahvaćaju autonomni živčani sustav od povećanja parasimpatičke aktivnosti i smanjenja simpatičke aktivnosti utječu na cijeli organizam i smanjuju njegovu aktivnost. Ne postoji jedinstveni centar u mozgu koji je zadužen za regulaciju spavanja i nastanak snova nego je spavanje proces koji nastaje međusobnom interakcijom brojnih moždanih struktura koje pomoću neurotransmitera i neuromodulatora korigiraju svoju aktivnost i stvaraju doživljaj snova.

Abstract (english)

Sleep is a physiological, changeable state of consciousness and mind characterized by reduced activity and response to external sensory stimuli. There are two phases of sleep: the REM and NREM phases of sleep. Together they form one sleep cycle that lasts about 90 minutes and is repeated up to six times during sleep. A specific phenomenon occurs during sleep, the role and appearance of which many scientists want to explain even today, and that phenomenon are dreams. Dreams are a series of images, ideas, emotions and feelings that involuntarily occur in the mind during sleep. Most dreams take place in the REM phase of sleep and such dreams are described as vivid and often bizarre as opposed to dreams in the NREM phase which are harder to remember after waking up and which are more realistic. Evolutionarily speaking, the development of sleep has been gradual and has become more complex. Reptiles were the first species to develop a form of sleep that we can call primitive sleep. The appearance of birds and mammals and their ability to maintain a constant body temperature led to the development of sleep as we know it today, which consists of the NREM and REM phases of sleep. Sleep almost always begins with the NREM phase which is divided into three subphases and flows from light sleep to deep sleep which ends the NREM phase of sleep. Looking at the EEG record, we can see that brain activity gradually decreases from the alpha and beta brain waves present in the waking state to the slowest theta brain waves present in deep sleep. At the end of the NREM phase, the REM phase of sleep begins, in which brain activity increases and alpha and beta brain waves can be seen on the EEG. Physiological changes that occur during sleep affect almost all organic systems. Changes affecting the autonomic nervous system from the increase of the parasympathetic activity to the decrease of the sympathetic activity affect the whole organism and reduce its activity. There is no single centre in the brain that is responsible for sleep regulation and the formation of dreams - sleep is a process that occurs through the interaction of numerous brain structures that use neurotransmitters and neuromodulators to correct their activity and create the experience of dreams.

• Keywords: spavanje; snovi; REM faza; NREM faza
• Keywords (english): sleeping; dreams; REM phase; NREM phase
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:105:087017
• Study programme: Title: Medicine; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2021-03-22 13:44:53