Title Skrb za bolesnike s astmom u obiteljskoj medicini
Title (english) Care for patients with asthma in family medicine
Author Lucija Kosić
Mentor Goranka Petriček (mentor)
Committee member Ksenija Kranjčević (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Venija Cerovečki Nekić (član povjerenstva)
Committee member Goranka Petriček (član povjerenstva)
Granter University of Zagreb School of Medicine (Department of Family Medicine) Zagreb
Defense date and country 2021-10-30, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE Public Health and Health Care Family Medicine
Abstract Astma je kronična neizlječiva upalna bolest dišnih putova. Simptomi koji su karakteristični za astmu obuhvaćaju otežano disanje uz prisutnost zvučnih fenomena poput piskanja, zatim kratkoću daha, suhi kašalj i stezanje u prsima. U dijagnostici astme, najveću vrijednost ima spirometrija, koja se ubraja u testove plućne funkcije. Spirometrijom se detektira ograničenje protoka zraka u ekspiriju te se dokazuje reverzibilnost bronhoopstrukcije u odgovoru na bronhodilatatore. Glavni ciljevi liječenja astme su postizanje dobre kontrole simptoma uz održavanje normalne razine aktivnosti i minimiziranje rizika povezanih sa smrtnošću, egzacerbacijama, trajnim ograničenjem protoka zraka i nuspojavama farmakoterapije. Liječenje je dinamično, zahtijeva kontinuirano procjenjivanje i prilagođavanje pacijentu. Prema najnovijim smjernicama za liječenje Globalne inicijative za astmu, liječenje astme provodi se u koracima. U liječenju astme najčešće se primjenjuju kortikosteroidi koji smanjuju upalu i beta2 agonisti kojima je glavna uloga relaksacija glatkih mišića bronha. U zdravstvenom sustavu Republike Hrvatske djelatnost obiteljske medicine čini glavninu primarne zdravstvene zaštite, te su liječnici obiteljske medicine najčešće liječnici prvog kontakta osobe sa tim sustavom koji potom osiguravaju kontinuiranu skrb za svoje pacijente te koordiniraju upućivanje pacijenata drugim zdravstvenim profesionalcima kada je to potrebno. Stoga je pozicija liječnika obiteljske medicine ključna za prepoznavanje simptoma, postavljanje dijagnoze i propisivanje terapije kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti kao što je astma. Zbog toga je važno da poznaju smjernice za dijagnozu i liječenje astme. Potiče se edukacija i dobra komunikacija bolesnika od astme i obiteljskog liječnika u cilju ostvarenja podržavajućeg terapeutskog odnosa koji će doprinijeti boljoj adherenciji bolesnika na preporučeno liječenje, a time i boljoj kontroli same bolesti te kvaliteti života ovih bolesnika. Iako se astma vrlo često veže uz djetinjstvo, ona se javlja u bilo kojoj dobi, te svaka dobna skupina nosi svoje specifičnosti koje je potrebno osvijestiti. Teška astma i egzacerbacije predstavljaju veliko opterećenje i za samoga pacijenta radi teških simptoma, ali i za zdravstveni sustav, stoga terapija mora biti optimalna da bi se navedena stanja izbjegla. Slaba adherencija na preporučeno liječenje astme i slaba tehnika inhaliranja pridonose lošijim ishodima liječenja. Stoga je važna redovita kontrola pacijentove tehnike inhaliranja lijekova te pronalaženje odgovarajućeg inhalera koji će pravilno koristiti. Komorbiditeti koji se javljaju uz astmu dodatno narušavaju kvalitetu života pacijenta te predstavljaju terapijski izazov u smislu usklađivanja lijekova za astmu i lijekova za komorbiditete s ciljem optimizacije propisane terapije. Pandemija covid-19 bolesti utjecala je na dostupnost zdravstvene skrbi, što je zasigurno utjecalo i na kontrolu kroničnih respiratornih bolesti pa tako i astme, posebno stoga što dinamika propisivanja terapije i procjene učinkovitosti iste zahtijeva redovitu procjenu.
Abstract (english) Asthma is a chronic incurable inflammatory disease of the airways. Characteristic symptoms include wheezing, shortness of breath, dry cough and chest tightness. Spirometry is the most valuable tool in asthma diagnosis and it's considered a lung function test. It can detect expiratory airflow limitation and reversibility of bronchial obstruction in response to bronchodilators. Main goals of asthma treatment include good symptom control, maintaining normal physical activity and to minimize the risk of asthma-related death, exacerbations, persistent airflow limitation and asthma medication side-effects. Treatment is dynamic and demands continuous evaluation and adjustment. According to the newest Global initiative for asthma treatment guidelines, therapy of asthma is step-wise. The most frequently used asthma medications include corticosteroids due to their antiinflammatory effect and beta2 agonists for their smooth muscle relaxation effect in bronchi. Primary health care in Croatian health care system is mostly comprised of family medicine practices which usually makes family medicine physicians first contact doctors who then provide continuous care for their patients and coordinate referrals to other health care professionals when necessary. The position of family medicine physicians is thus key for recognizing symptoms, diagnosing and prescribing medications for chronic non-communicable diseases such as asthma. It is therefore important for them to know and understand guidelines for astma diagnosis and treatment. Education and good communication between asthma patient and family medicine physician is encouraged with the main goal being the eastablishment of supportive therapeutic relationship which will contribute to patient's better recommended treatment adherence which results in better asthma control and better quality of life. Although asthma is considered a childhood disease it can present at any age, and each age group has its specific characteristics that need to be considered. Severe asthma and exacerbations represent a large burden for the patient due to symptom severity, but also for the health system, and because of that asthma therapy must be optimized in order to avoid these conditions. Poor asthma medication adherence and poor inhalation technique are responsible for worse asthma treatment outcomes. Thus, it is important to occasionally check the patient's inhalation technique and to prescribe the right inhaler for the patient which will be used correctly. Comorbidities which accompany asthma are additionally disrupting patient's quality of life and represent a therapeutic challenge in terms of medication adjustments for asthma and comorbidities with the goal being the optimization of prescribed therapy. Covid-19 pandemic has greatly affected access to health care which in turn has affected control of chronic respiratory diseases including asthma, especially because the dynamic of prescribing and evaluating the effectiveness of treatment demands regular assessment.
Keywords
astma
obiteljska medicina
liječnik obiteljske medicine
skrb
Keywords (english)
asthma
family medicine
family medicine physicians
care
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:105:295453
Study programme Title: Medicine Study programme type: university Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Open access
Terms of use
Created on 2023-01-13 10:07:28