| Abstract | Plućna ozljeda je medicinski problem koji je dugo vremena bio neprepoznat, a i danas nakon definiranja ALI-ARDS neki kriteriji nisu dovoljno pojašnjeni. Otvorene operacije srca su, zbog upotrebe vantjelesnog krvotoka, imale veliku učestalost ALI-ARDS-a, koji se zbog EKC–a i nazivao "postperfuzijska pluća". Poboljšanje tehničkih karakteristika EKC-a i mogućnost operacije bez njegove primjene smanjuju učestalost akutne plućne ozljede. Naša prospektivna studija je napravljena i priređena kako bi pokazala učestalost ALI i sam početak bolesti kod bolesnika koji će biti podvrgnuti otvorenoj operaciji srca uz i bez primjene EKC-a. U studiju su uključena 222 bolesnika s višežilnom bolesti srca i odsustvom drugih popratnih bolesti srca i pluća, te odsustvom šećerne bolesti bilo kojeg oblika, koji su bili podvrgnuti otvorenoj operaciji srca. 134 bolesnika su operirana uz, a 88 bolesnika bez upotrebe vantjelesnog krvotoka. Odrednica za dokazivanje ALI je bio odnos PaO2/FIO2 < 200. Mjereni su svi dišni pokazatelji, uključujući (A-a)DO2, svi pokazatelji stanja srca i krvnih žila te temperatura tijekom operacije i prvih 24 sata boravka u JIL-u. U statističkoj je obradi za sve kvantitativne podatke, koji su normalno distribuirani, između i unutar grupa, uporabljen parametrijski Student-ov t-test za nezavisne i zavisne uzorke. Kvantitativni podaci, koji nisu normalno distribuirani, testirani su neparametrijskim Mann Whitney U-testom. Kvalitativni podaci testirani su Chi-kvadrat testom. Promjene vrijednosti (A-a)DO2 u pojedinim mjerenjima, ovisno o skupinama ispitanika, testirane su analizom varijance (ANOVA) s ponovljenim mjerenjima. Za predviđanje ALI napravljen je model logističke regresije i pripadajuća ROC krivulja. Povezanost među pojedinim pokazateljima testirana je neparametrijski, Spearman-ovom rang korelacijom. Statistička značajnost je prihvaćena s p < 0,05. Učestalost ALI u skupini operiranih uz EKC, iznosila je 68%. U modelu logističke regresije otkriveni su nezavisni pokazatelji rizika za dobivanje ALI. To su, uz EKC, još i tjelesna težina i prijeoperacijski BE. Bolesnici koji su bili podvrgnuti operaciji uz EKC imali su 98% veći rizik za razvoj ALI od bolesnika operiranih bez EKC. Svakih 5 kg veća tjelesna težina povećavala je rizik za razvoj ALI za 28,9%. Svako povećanje vrijednosti prijeoperacijskog BE za 0,1 mmol/L smanjivalo je rizik za ALI za 3 %. Prosječno, po mjerenjima, bilo je 23% bolesnika koji imaju odnos PaO2/FIO2 < 300, a imali su izrazito povećanu (A-a)DO2 (> 300%), koja je stvarni odraz poremećaja izmjene plinova. Čak 98% takvih bolesnika je operirano uz EKC. Upotreba EKC značajno povećava rizik od ALI. Učestalost ALI je slična kao i u drugim studijama koje imaju iste odrednice za ALI. Potrebno je određivati (A-a)DO2, uz ostale dišne pokazatelje, kako bi, podešavajući način disanja i mijenjajući postotak kisika udahnutog zraka, smanjili rizik od ALI i njezinih posljedica na najmanju moguću mjeru. Smanjenje tjelesne težine je jedan od najvažnijih zadataka bolesnika koji se podvrgavaju otvorenoj operaciji srca. Smatramo važnim zaključak naše studije kako je nepotrebno izlagati bolesnike štetnom djelovanju 100%-tnog kisika ako je odnos PaO2/FIO2 > 300, a (A-a)DO2 < 300%. |
| Abstract (english) | Lung injury is a medical entity that has been unrecognized for a long time. Even today, after ALI and ARDS have been defined, certain criteria still remain insufficiently explained. Due to the application of extracorporeal circulation (EKC), open-heart surgery has been frequently associated with ALI and ARDS, also known as "postperfusional lungs". Improved technical properties of the extracorporeal circulation and the possibility to perform surgery without its application have contributed to a decrease in the incidence rate of acute lung injury. This prospective study was performed and designed to establish the incidence of ACI and determine the onset of this disease in patients undergoing open-heart surgery with and without EKC. The study comprised 222 patients with heart disease involving several blood vessels who had neither associated disease of the heart and lungs nor diabetes mellitus of any kind and who were submitted to open-heart surgery. 134 patients had EKC and 88 did not. The determinant for proving ALI was the ratio PaO2/FIO2 of < 200. All respiratory parameters were measured, including (A-a)DO2, as well as all cardiac, blood vessel parameters and temperature during surgery and within the first 24 hours in the intensive care unit. All quantitative data with normal distribution between and within the groups were analyzed statistically using the parametric Student's t-test for independent and dependent samples. The quantitative data with abnormal distribution were tested using the nonparametric Mann Whitney U-test. The qualitative data were tested using the Chi square test. Differences in the values of (A-a)DO2 obtained by single measurements were tested using the variance analysis (ANOVA) with repeated measurements depending upon the patient group. For the prediction of ALI, a model of logistic regression and the ROC curve were designed. The relation between certain indicators was tested nonparametrically using the Spearman rang correlation. The statistical significance was accepted at the level of p < 0.05. The incidence of ALI in the EKC group was 68%. Using a model of logistic regression independent indicators for the development of ALI were detected. In addition to EKC, these included body weight and postoperative BE. The patients who underwent surgery with EKC had a 98% higher risk of ALI than the patients operated on without EKC. Each 5 kg of body weight increased the risk of ALI by 28.9%. Each preoperative increase in BE by 0.1 lowered the risk of ALI by 3%. The ratio PaO2/FIO2 of < 300 was found in 23% of the patients included into the study. They also had significantly increased (A-a)DO2 values, which is the actual proof of impaired gas exchange. As many as 98% of such patients were operated on using EKC. The application of EKC significantly increased the risk of ALI. The incidence of ALI was similar to the incidence confirmed by other studies that used the same determinants for proving ALI. Based on the results of this study it may be concluded that it is necessary to determine the level of (A-a)DO2 along with other respiratory parameters in order to adjust the respiration parameters and the percentage of inhaled oxygen and thus lower the risk of ALI and its consequences as much as possible. Further, it appears that reduction of body weight is one of the most important tasks for the patient undergoing open-heart surgery. It is also important to stress the conclusion of our study that patients should not be exposed to harming effects of a100% oxygen concentration if the ratio PaO2/FIO2 is higher than 300 and (A-a)DO2 is lower than 300%. |
