| Abstract | Astma je jedna od najčešćih bolesti respiratornog sustava. Vodeći je uzrok obolijevanja i smrti širom svijeta. Procjenjuje se da više od 20% stanovništva boluje od alergijskih bolesti poput alergijske astme, konjunktivitisa, rinitisa, atopijskog dermatitisa i anafilaksije. Alergijska astma je najčešći tip astme u dječjoj i odrasloj dobi. To je kronična bolest sa reverzibilnom bronhalnom opstrukcijom. Opstrukcija je uzrokovana upalom, edemom i kontrakcijom glatkih mišića u dišnim putevima. Alergeni koji dospiju u dišni sustav uzrokuju reakciju preosjetljivosti , luče se brojne upalne stanice i dovode do karakterističnih promjena. Najčešći alergeni koji uzrokuju napadaje su pelud, prašina, životinjska dlaka, različite trave. Simptomi asmatskog napadaja su dispneja, kašalj, visokotonsko zviždanje tijekom ekspirija praćeno stezanjem u prsima ili kombinacija ovih simptoma. Asmatski status je naziv za napad koji dugo traje, progresivan je i ne reagira na terapiju. Potrebna je hospitalizacija jer može dovesti do smrtnog ishoda. Dijagnostika, kasifikacija i kontrola astme su definirani Globalnom inicijativom za astmu (GINA). Alergijska astma se dijagnosticira anamnezom, kliničkim pregledom, krvnim pretragama, alergijskim testovima i spirometrijom (zlatni strandard). Liječenje uključuje izbjegavanje alergena i farmakološku terapiju (bronhodilatatori, kortikosteroidi). U kontroli astme važna je edukacija, pravilno uzimanje lijekova, vježbe disanja i relaksacije i izbjegavanje uzročnih faktora. |
| Abstract (english) | Asthma is very common disease of respiratory system. It is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality throughout the world. It is estimated that over 20% of world population suffers from allergic diseases such as allergic asthma, conjunctivitis, rhinitis, atopic dermatitis and anaphylaxis. Allergic asthma is the most common type asthma in children and adults. It is chronic disease with reversible bronchial obstruction. The obstruction is caused by inflammation, edema and smooth muscles contractions in airways. Allergens inhaled in airways cause hypersensitive reaction, many inflammation cells are produced and all that leads to characteristic changes. The most common allergens that cause attacks are pollen, dust, animal hair, some plants. The symptoms of asthma attack are dyspnea, cough, high tone wheezing during expiration followed with chest squeezing, or with combination of those symptoms. Status asthmaticus it is a term for progressive, long lasting attack that does not respond to usual therapy. Hospitalization is necessary because it can lead to death. Diagnostics, classification and control of asthma are defined by Global Initiative for Asthma (GINA). Allergic asthma is diagnosed by history, clinical examination, blood and allergy tests and spirometry (gold standard). The treatment includes avoiding of allergens and pharmacotherapy (bronchodilatators, corticosteroids). Asthma can be controlled with regular education and drug use, breathing and relaxation exercises and avoidance of causative factors. |
