Premature menopause

master's thesis

• Title (croatian): Prijevremena menopauza
• Author: Lee Shnaider
• Mentor: Marina Šprem Goldštajn (mentor)
• Committee member: Marina Šprem Goldštajn (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Dinka Pavičić Baldani (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Željko Duić (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; School of Medicine; Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2023-07-13, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Clinical Medical Sciences; Gynecology and Obstetrics

Abstract

Menopause that starts before age 40 is referred to premature menopause. Amenorrhea, elevated gonadotrophin levels, and a lack of estrogen are its hallmarks. Premature menopause can be either spontaneous or forced. It characterized by the triad of amenorrhea for at least 4 months, sex steroid deficiency, and two recordings of serum concentrations of FSH of more than 40 IU/L at least 1 month apart, in a woman aged less than 40 years. Although the exact reason of early menopause cannot be identified, there are certain potential causes – genetic, autoimmune, environmental, infectious, iatrogenic. For a woman, the diagnosis is a significant event. It is a condition which have an impacts for health, mental health, and reproduction. It results in irregular menstrual cycles and infertility. It is now known that women who experience estrogen deficiency at a young age -well before the median age of natural menopause -are at an elevated risk for early morbidity and mortality, regardless of the underlying etiology. Treatment of premature menopause usually includes hormone therapy replacement and various IVF treatments. The purpose of this article is to review and discuss various etiologies of premature menopause and ovarian insufficiency, and their consequences on women well-being.

Abstract (croatian)

Menopauzu koja nastupa prije 40.-te godine života nazivamo prijevremena menopauza. Obilježja prijevremene menopauze su amenoreja, porast razine gonadotropina i niska razina estrogena. Ona može biti prirodna ili inducirana. Karakterizirana je amenorejom kroz najmanje četiri mjeseca, porastom razine FSH uz uvjet uzastopnog određivanja FSH najmanje kroz dva ciklusa odnosno dva mjeseca, pri čemu je razina FSH veća od 40 IU/L u žene s prijevremenom menopauzaom mlađe od 40 godina. Iako se ne zna točna etiologija prijevremene menopauze, kao mogući etiološki čimbenici navode se genetski, autoimuni, okolišni, infektivni i jatrogeni uzroci. Dijagnoza prijevremene menopauze značajno utječe na ukupno zdravlje, mentalno zdravlje i reprodukciju. Vrlo često se manifestira nepravilnim menstruacijskim ciklusima i neplodnošću. Dokazano je da žene, u kojih nastupi estrogeni manjak daleko prije očekivane prirodne menopauze, imaju veći rizik ranog morbiditeta i mortaliteta, bez obzira na moguće etiološke čimbenike. Liječenje prijevremene menopauze uključuje primjenu hormonskog nadomjesnog liječenja i, u slučaju neplodnosti, metode pomognute oplodnje. Cilj ovog rada je prikazati i raspraviti etiološke faktore, dijagnostiku i mogućnosti liječenja prijevremene menopauze i prijevremene ovarijske insuficijencije koji značajno umanjuju kvalitetu života mlade žene.

• Keywords: premature menopause; premature menopause treatment
• Keywords (croatian): prijevremena menopauza; liječenje prijevremene menopauze
• Language: english
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:105:329169
• Study programme: Title: Medicine; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2023-09-01 12:06:06