Principi liječenja astme i komplikacije liječenja

master's thesis

• Title (english): Principles of asthma treatment and treatment complications
• Author: Anamaria Vincelj
• Mentor: Gordana Pavliša (mentor)
• Committee member: Sanja Popović-Grle (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Marko Jakopović (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Gordana Pavliša (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; School of Medicine; (Department of Internal Medicine); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2024-07-12, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Clinical Medical Sciences; Internal Medicine

Abstract

Astma je kronična upalna bolest dišnih puteva karakterizirana simptomima poput piskanja, zaduhe, stezanja u prsima i kašlja. Globalan je javnozdravstveni problem čija etiologija još uvijek nije do kraja razjašnjena. Dijagnoza astme postavlja se na temelju detaljno uzete anamneze i dokaza hiperreaktivnosti. Liječenje astme temelji se na kombinaciji farmakoloških i nefarmakoloških metoda. Farmakološke metode uključuju različite skupine lijekova kao što su inhalacijski kortikosteroidi (ICS), beta-agonisti, muskarinski antagonisti, antagonisti leukotrienskih receptora, metilksantini, stabilizatori mastocita i biološka terapija. Svaka od ovih skupina ima specifičan mehanizam djelovanja i koristi se ovisno o težini i specifičnostima astme kod pojedinih pacijenata. Stupnjevit pristup liječenju astme preporučuje prilagodbu terapije ovisno o težini i kontroli bolesti. Blaga i umjerena astma mogu se liječiti kombinacijom ICS i dugodjelujućih beta-agonista (LABA). Teška astma zahtjeva visoke doze lijekova ili dodatne terapije kako bi se postigla adekvatna kontrola. Nefarmakološko liječenje uključuje strategije poput izbjegavanja okidača astme, redovite tjelesne aktivnosti i kontrole tjelesne težine. Edukacija pacijenata o pravilnoj uporabi inhalera, prepoznavanju simptoma i upravljanju okidačima ključna je za dugoročni uspjeh terapije. Liječenje astme sa sobom nosi i određene komplikacije. Tako ICS mogu dovesti do razvoja oralne kandidijaze, disfonije i kašlja, dok beta-agonisti dovode do tahikardije i tremora. Najviše neželjenih učinaka imaju oralni kortikosteroidi čija dugotrajna upotreba nepovoljno djeluje na kožu, oči, imunološki, muskuloskeletalni i kardiovaskularni sustav.

Abstract (english)

Asthma is a chronic inflammatory disease of the airways characterized by symptoms such as wheezing, shortness of breath, chest tightness and coughing. It is a global public health issue with an etiology that remains incompletely understood. The diagnosis of asthma is based on a detailed medical history and evidence of hyperreactivity. The treatment of asthma is based on a combination of pharmacological and non-pharmacological methods. Pharmacological methods include various classes of drugs, such as inhaled corticosteroids (ICS), beta-agonists, muscarinic antagonists, leukotriene receptor antagonists, methylxanthines, mast cell stabilizers and biological therapies. Each of these classes has a specific mechanism of action and is used depending on the severity and specific characteristics of asthma in individual patients. A stepwise approach to asthma treatment recommends adjusting therapy based on disease severity and control. Mild and moderate asthma can be treated with a combination of ICS and long-acting beta-agonists (LABA). Severe asthma requires high doses of medication or additional therapies to achieve adequate control. Non-pharmacological treatment includes strategies such as avoiding asthma triggers, regular physical activity and weight management. Patient education on the proper use of inhalers, recognizing symptoms and managing triggers is crucial for the long-term success of therapy. The treatment of asthma also carries certain complications. For example, ICS can lead to the development of oral candidiasis, dysphonia and coughing, while beta-agonists can cause tachycardia and tremors. Oral corticosteroids have the most adverse effects, with long-term use negatively impacting the skin, eyes, immune, musculoskeletal and cardiovascular system.

• Keywords: astma; farmakološke mjere liječenja; nefarmakološke mjere liječenja; stupnjevit pristup liječenju; komplikacije
• Keywords (english): asthma; pharmacological treatment measures; non-pharmacological treatment measures; stepwise treatment approach; complications
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:105:633770
• Study programme: Title: Medicine; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2024-07-02 12:30:35