| Abstract | Sportaši, vođeni željom za ostvarivanjem što boljih sportskih rezultata, uz naporne treninge često koriste i dodatke prehrani. Kofein je od strane Svjetske antidopinške agencije dozvoljeni dodatak prehrani za kojim sportaši posežu zbog njegova stimulativnog djelovanja. Kofein se u organizam može unijeti u različitim oblicima; u kavi, čaju, kroz energetske napitke, žvakaće gume i gelove koji sadržavaju kofein, te kao anhidrirani oblik – u tabletama ili prahu. Danas postoje dokazi koji podupiru ergogeno djelovanje kofeina na sportsku izvedbu. Međutim, treba uzeti u obzir da različiti sportovi zahtijevaju različitu razinu opterećenja te bi se moglo očekivati da kofein ne može postići jednak učinak u svakom sportu. Stoga je cilj ovog pregleda literature bio utvrditi postoji li razlika u djelovanju kofeina na sportsku izvedbu u različitim sportovima, ovisno o razini statičkog te dinamičkog opterećenja u pojedinom sportu. Bazirajući se na klasifikaciji sportova osnovanoj na dinamičkim i statičkim opterećenjima u 9 kategorija, iz svake kategorije odabran je barem jedan sport. Odabrani sportovi su sljedeći: golf, streličarstvo, streljaštvo, dizanje utega, odbojka, sprint (trčanje), hrvanje, nogomet, košarka i veslanje. Ovaj sustavni pregled obuhvatio je dvostruko slijepe randomizirane presječne studije koje su proučavale utjecaj kofeina na sportsku izvedbu. Kliničke studije provedene su na zdravim muškim i ženskim dobrovoljcima, većinom profesionalnim sportašima, pri čemu su ispitanici bili sami svoje kontrole. Za svaki sport odabrane su najviše tri dvostruko slijepe randomizirane presječne studije. Iz provedene analize 24 istraživanja proizlazi zaključak da bi konzumacija kofeina mogla biti ergogena za širok spektar sportskih zadataka. Također, podatci iz studija navedenih u ovom radu ukazuju na to da je pozitivan odgovor na konzumaciju kofeina učestaliji u sportovima s višom razinom dinamičkog opterećenja. |
| Abstract (english) | Athletes, besides hard training, often use food supplements to achieve the greatest results. Caffeine is the World Anti-doping Agency's approved supplement, commonly used among athletes because of its stimulating effect. Caffeine can be taken in various forms; as coffee, tea, energy drinks, caffeinated gums, gels with caffeine, and in anhydrous form – in capsules or powder. Currently, the available knowledge about caffeine consumption suggests caffeine could be ergogenic for numerous sports performances. Nevertheless, different sports require different sport intensity levels, so it could be expected that caffeine wouldn't accomplish the same effect in every sport. Therefore, the main objective of this review was to establish a difference in the effectiveness of caffeine on performance in different sports, depending on dynamic and static exercise components in every sport. Based on the classification of sports established on dynamic and static exercise components divided into 9 categories - there was at least one sport chosen from each category. Selected sports were: golf, archery, target shooting, weight lifting, volleyball, running sprint, wrestling, soccer, basketball, and rowing. This structured review included double-blind randomized cross-over studies that investigated the effects of caffeine on sports performance. Clinical studies were conducted on healthy male and female volunteers, mostly professional athletes, where the subjects served as their own controls. Up to three double-blind randomized studies were chosen for each sport. Based on the analysis of 24 studies the next conclusion could be made: caffeine could be ergogenic for a wide range of sports tasks. Furthermore, data from studies analyzed in this paper indicates that the positive effects of caffeine consumption could be expressed more often in sports with higher dynamic components. |
