Spolne razlike u ekspresiji gena u moždanoj kori čovjeka

master's thesis

• Title (english): The sexual differences in gene expression in the human cerebral cortex
• Author: Mladen Pospišil
• Mentor: Goran Sedmak (mentor)
• Committee member: Goran Šimić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Zdravko Petanjek (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Goran Sedmak (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; School of Medicine; (Department of Physiology and Immunology); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2021-07-16, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Basic Medical Sciences; Neuroscience

Abstract

Neokorteks, filogenetski najmlađi dio mozga, određuje ljude kao vrstu, a spolne razlike u ekspresiji gena imaju ključnu ulogu u strukturalnoj, kognitivnoj i funkcionalnoj različitosti moždane kore muškaraca i žena. Sastoji se od šest slojeva koji se razvijaju složenim histogenetskim procesima kao što su neurogeneza i migracija iz fetalnog telencefalona, a karakterističan izgled joj daju brojne vijuge i brazde. Podijeljena je na 52 kortikalna polja sa specifičnom citoarhitektonskom građom i funkcijom uz jedinstven skup ulazno-izlaznih neuronskih veza što je odraz različite genske ekspresije. Različitost genske ekspresije proizlazi iz njene različite regulacije djelovanjem transkripcijskih i epigenetskih mehanizama kako bi samo određeni geni došli do izražaja. Geni eksprimirani u neokorteksu čine 81, 8 % od ukupnog broja protein-kodirajućih gena, a raznolikost njihove ekspresije ovisi o razdoblju života, području moždane kore i spolu. Spolne razlike proizlaze iz zajedničkog utjecaja spolnih kromosoma i spolnih steroidnih hormona te se ostvaruje djelovanjem epigenetskih mehanizama i preko nuklearnih receptora. Smatra se da se spolne razlike u ekspresiji gena pojavljuju u svim dijelovima ljudskog mozga te da utječu na približno 2,5 % od ukupnog broja eksprimiranih gena. Veća podložnost muškaraca i žena određenim psihičkim, neurološkim i neurorazvojnim poremećajima također je pod utjecajem različite genske ekspresije. Uvriježeno je mišljenje da spolne razlike u ekspresiji gena utječu na strukturne, fiziološke i funkcionalne razlike između muškog i ženskog mozga koje se očituju različitim kognitivnim prilagodbama na iste svakodnevne zahtjeve.

Abstract (english)

The neocortex, phylogenetically the youngest part of the brain, defines humans as a species and sexual differences in gene expression play a key role in the structural, cognitive, and functional differences between male and female cortex. It consists of six layers which are a product of complex histogenetic processes like neurogenesis and migration derived from the fetal telencephalon. Numerous gyri and sulci give it its characteristic appearance. It is divided into 52 cortical areas with specific cytoarchitecture and function accompanied by a unique set of input-output neural connections that reflect different gene expressions. The diversity of gene expression is acquired by transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms so that only certain genes become prominent. Genes expressed in the neocortex make up about 81.8 % of the total number of protein-coding genes and its diverse expression depends on the life period, neocortical region and sex. Sexual differences arise from the joint influence of sex chromosomes and sex steroid hormones and are realized by the activity of epigenetic mechanisms and through nuclear receptors. Sexual differences in gene expression are thought to occur in all parts of the human brain and affect approximately 2.5% of the total number of expressed genes. Higher susceptibility of men and women to certain mental and neurodevelopmental disorders is also influenced by different gene expression. It is widely believed that sexual differences in gene expression affect structural, physiological and functional differences between male and female brains which are manifested by different cognitive adaptations to the similar demands of everyday life.

• Keywords: moždana kora; ekspresija gena; spolne razlike
• Keywords (english): neocortex; gene expression; sexual differences
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:105:334595
• Study programme: Title: Medicine; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2022-04-08 11:17:23