Title Invazivno liječenje boli
Title (english) Invasive treatment of pain
Author Ivana Vuđan
Mentor DINKO TONKOVIĆ (mentor)
Committee member Mladen Perić (predsjednik povjerenstva)
Committee member Ante Sekulić (član povjerenstva)
Committee member DINKO TONKOVIĆ (član povjerenstva)
Granter University of Zagreb School of Medicine (Department of Anaesthesiology, Resuscitation and Intensive Care in Surgical Specialities) Zagreb
Defense date and country 2014-07-15, Croatia
Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE Clinical Medical Sciences Anesthesiology and Reanimatology
Abstract Bol je neugodno osjetno i emocionalno iskustvo udruženo s akutnim ili potencijalnim oštećenjem tkiva ili opisano u kontekstu takvog oštećenja. Bol je dinamički događaj u kojem se bolni podražaj modulira na svim razinama od perifernog do središnjeg živčanog sustava. Prema trajanju dijeli se na akutnu i kroničnu. Akutna bol javlja se kao odgovor na traumu, upalu i kirurški postupak. Akutna bol je centralna komponenta stres reakcije organizma na ozljedu. Zbog toga pristup liječenju treba biti primjeren i agresivan kako bi se što više reducirali učinci boli na organizam, optimizirao bolesnikov oporavak i smanjile komplikacije. Važan preduvjet učinkovite analgezije jest objektivna procjena intenziteta boli i svih ostalih čimbenika vezanih za bolni doživljaj. U kliničkoj se praksi za procjenu intenziteta boli najčešće primjenjuju jednodimenzionalne i multidimenzionalne ljestvice. Liječenje boli možemo podijeliti u dvije veće kategorije: farmakološko i nefarmakološko liječenje. Farmakološko liječenje uključuje sistemnu primjenu analgetika te primjenu lijekova putem metoda regionalne anestezije. Uravnotežena (multimodalna) analgezija označava uporabu dvaju ili više analgetika koji, djelujući različitim mehanizmima, omogućuju jači analgetički učinak bez povećanja učestalosti nuspojava u usporedbi s povećanjem doze jednog lijeka. Za metode regionalne analgezije temeljni lijekovi su lokalni anestetici i opioidi. Njima se često dodaju adjuvantni lijekovi kao što su alfa-2 agonisti, steroidi, antikonvulzivi, NMDA-antagonisti i slični, koji poboljšavaju i produljuju analgeziju. Liječenje poslijeoperacijske boli treba biti prilagođeno
kirurškom zahvatu te analgezija ne bi smjela biti veći rizik za bolesnika od samog kirurškog zahvata. Mora se u neprekinutom slijedu nastaviti na analgeziju tijekom operativnog zahvata. Od tehnika regionalne anestezije za terapiju poslijeoperacijske
boli koriste se infiltracijska anestezija, periferni nervni blokovi, epiduralni i spinalni blok. Tehnike održavanja analgezije jesu kontinuirana infuzija, intermitentno dodavanje lijeka te analgezija koju kontrolira bolesnik (engl. Patient Controlled Analgesia). PCA omogućava veću individualizaciju terapije, zadovoljstvo bolesnika je veće, a koriste se manje doze lijekova. U usporedbi sa sustavnom analgezijom opioidima, metode regionalne anestezije osiguravaju odličnu poslijeoperacijsku analgeziju sa smanjenom potrebom za opioidima.
Abstract (english) Pain is an unpleasant sensory and emotional experience associated with actual or potential tissue damage, or described in terms of such damage. Pain is a dynamic process in which pain stimulus is modulated at all levels from the peripheral to the central nervous system. Regarding the duration, pain can be classified as acute and chronic. Acute pain occurs as a response to trauma, inflammation and surgical procedure. Acute pain is a central component of the body's stress response
to injury. Because of this, approach to treating pain should be appropriate and aggressive in order to reduce the effects of pain on the organism, to optimize patient recovery and to reduce complications. An important precondition for effective
analgesia is an objective assessment of pain intensity and assessment of all other factors related to the painful experience. For the evaluation of pain in clinical practice one-dimensional and multi-dimensional scales are commonly used. Treatment of pain can be divided into two major categories: pharmacological and nonpharmacological treatment. Pharmacological treatment includes systemic analgesia and administration of drugs via the methods of regional anesthesia. Balanced
(multimodal) analgesia indicates use of two or more analgesics that, acting by different mechanisms, provide a stronger analgesic effect without increasing the incidence of side effects compared by incidence of side effects caused by increasing
the dose of one drug. Basic drugs for regional analgesic tehniques are local anesthetics and opioids. Adjuvant drugs, such as alpha-2 agonists, steroids, anticonvulsants and NMDA-antagonists, are often added to improve and prolong analgesia. Treatment of postoperative pain should be adjusted to the type of surgery and analgesia should not represent a greater risk to the patient than the surgical procedure itself. Postoperative analgesia must be continued, uninterrupted, to the analgesia during the surgery. Infiltration anesthesia, peripheral nerve blocks, epidural and spinal block are the most commonly used techniques of regional anesthesia for treatment of postoperative pain. Analgesia is maintained by continuous infusion, by
intermittently added drug or as patient-controlled analgesia (PCA). PCA allows for greater individualization of therapy and improves patient satisfaction. Compared with systemic opioid analgesia, regional analgesia tehniques provide excellent
postoperative analgesia with reduced need for opioids.
Keywords
akutna bol
multimodalna analgezija
regionalna analgezija
Keywords (english)
acute pain
multimodal analgesia
regional analgesia
Language croatian
URN:NBN urn:nbn:hr:105:256279
Study programme Title: Medicine Study programme type: university Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
Type of resource Text
File origin Born digital
Access conditions Open access
Terms of use
Created on 2016-03-14 13:46:49