Sol kao rizični čimbenik za razvoj kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti

master's thesis

• Title (english): Salt as a risk factor for the development of chronic non-communicable diseases
• Author: Jelena Košćak
• Mentor: Jasna Pucarin-Cvetković (mentor)
• Committee member: Milan Milošević (predsjednik povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Jagoda Doko Jelinić (član povjerenstva)
• Committee member: Jasna Pucarin-Cvetković (član povjerenstva)
• Granter: University of Zagreb; School of Medicine; (Department of Environmental and Occupational Health); Zagreb
• Defense date and country: 2014-07-15, Croatia
• Scientific / art field, discipline and subdiscipline: BIOMEDICINE AND HEALTHCARE; Public Health and Health Care; Health Ecology

Abstract

Sol ili natrijev klorid jedan je od najzastupljenijih i najvažnijih spojeva na Zemlji. Za normalno funkcioniranje ljudskog organizma nužan je unos soli. World Health Organization preporuča dnevni unos do 5 grama soli. Gotovo u svim zemljama svijeta unos soli je veći od preporučenog, a u mnogima premašuje količinu od 11,7 grama dnevno čineći prekomjeran unos soli globalnim javnozdravstvenim problemom. Glavni izvori soli u hrani u europskim državama kao i u Hrvatskoj su: kruh, peciva i žitarice, mesni i mliječni proizvodi te dodavanje soli tijekom pripreme i konzumiranja hrane. Unos soli u prekomjernim količinama rizični je čimbenik za razvoj mnogih kroničnih nezaraznih bolesti kao što su: arterijska hipertenzija, cerebrovaskularne bolesti, ventrikularna hipertrofija, karcinom, kronične bubrežne bolesti, osteoporoza, urolitijaza i astma. Arterijska hipertenzija bolest je velikog javnozdravstvenog značaja s prevalencijom koja u svijetu iznosi 30 – 45%, a u Hrvatskoj 37,5 %. Vodeći je uzrok smrti u svijetu s udjelom od 13%. Smanjenje unosa soli dovodi do značajnog smanjenja arterijskog tlaka i u normotenzivnih i hipertenzivnih osoba. Smatra se da bi redukcija unosa soli u hipertenzivnih osoba smanjila smrtnost od koronarnih bolesti za 9%, a u normotenzivnih za 4%. Djeca također unose količinu soli koja je značajno iznad preporučene. Prekomjerni unos soli u djece rizičan je čimbenik za razvoj arterijske hipertenzije, astme, osteoporoze i debljine. Smanjenje unosa soli kao preventivna mjera prepoznata je na svim razinama: nacionalnoj, europskoj i svjetskoj te se provode mnoge akcije s ciljem redukcije unosa soli. Na globalnoj razini najznačajnija akcija je World Action on Salt and Health, a u Hrvatskoj se provodi nacionalni program Croatian Action on Salt and Health. Zemlje s dugogodišnjim iskustvom provođenja nacionalnih strategija izvještavaju o visokoj učinkovitosti provedenih preventivnih mjera sa značajnim smanjenjem unosa soli i incidencije kardiovaskularnih bolesti i njihovih komplikacija.

Abstract (english)

Salt or sodium chloride is one of the most predominant and most important compounds on Earth. Salt intake is essential for normal functioning of the human body. World Health Organization recommends a daily intake of up to 5 grams per person. In almost all countries of the world salt intake is higher than recommended and many exceed the amount of 11.7 grams per day making the excessive salt intake a global public health issue. The main contributors to dietary salt intake in Europe, including Croatia are: bread, rolls, cereals, meat products, dairy products and adding salt during food preparation and consumption. High salt intake is associated with great number of chronic non-communicable diseases including: hypertension, cerebrovascular diseases, ventricular hypertrophy, cancer, chronic kidney disease, osteoporosis, asthma or urolithiasis. Arterial hypertension is an important public health issue. Worldwide prevalence of arterial hypertension is 30-40% and in Croatia it is 37.5%. Raised blood pressure is the leading risk factor for mortality, accounting for almost 13% of deaths globally. Decreased salt intake results in lowered blood pressure among adults, with or without hypertension problems. It is estimated that decreasing of salt intake could reduce cardiovascular disease mortality by 9% in hypertensive and by 4% in normotensive individuals. Children also consume salt in quantities exceeding the maximum recommended. High salt intake among children is associated with arterial hypertension, asthma, osteoporosis and obesity. Interventions on salt reduction are taken at three different levels: national, European and global. The most important global action is the World Action on Salt and Health. In Croatia a national programme on salt reduction – the Croatian Action on Salt and Health was implemented. Interventions to reduce population-wide salt intake are repeatedly shown to be highly cost-effective and successful in reducing incidence of cardiovascular diseases and complications.

• Keywords: sol; kronične bolesti; preventivne mjere
• Keywords (english): salt; chronic diseases; intervention
• Language: croatian
• URN:NBN: urn:nbn:hr:105:340354
• Study programme: Title: Medicine; Study programme type: university; Study level: integrated undergraduate and graduate; Academic / professional title: doktor/doktorica medicine (doktor/doktorica medicine)
• Type of resource: Text
• File origin: Born digital
• Access conditions: Open access
• Created on: 2015-09-16 12:25:16