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Clinical significance of hypoglycemia, with presentation of cases
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Staffan Per Gustaf Johnsson The clinical significance of hypoglycemia is important to understand as there are many etiologies and, if not treated, can have devastating consequences, such as coma or even death. Etiologies range from tumors to iatrogenic hypoglycemia, from postprandial hypoglycemia to renal failure. The majority of those who are at risk of getting hypoglycemia are patients treated with insulin or insulin secretion stimulating drugs. However, there are many other causes of hypoglycemia, but the most of...
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Clinical spectrum of Alzheimer's disease
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Caroline Lucie Mouselli The incidence of Alzheimer’s disease (AD) increases exponentially with age.
Therefore, it becomes a major public health problem since the population is getting
older, and the cost of caring increases. Cognitive deficits in AD appear and progress
insidiously, but the rate of progression can vary. The average life expectancy has
been reported to be between three and eight years. Clinical assessment and
neuropsychological testing are necessary initial tools for the diagnosis of...
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Clinical trials in developing countries - ethical considerations
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Luka Vujević When designing clinical trial or considering decision to take part in particular clinical trial as investigators, even before submission to responsible Central Ethic Committee, we always make certain private assessment about ethical justification of this clinical trial. When making assessment if any clinical trial is ethically justifiable, there should make no difference in which country this clinical trial will be executed. Physicians coming from developing countries must ensure that...
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Clinical, functional and biomarkers criteria for the diagnosis of asthma-chronic obstructive pulmonary diseases overlap (ACO)
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Lilach Yael Ben Porath Asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) are two very common chronic lung diseases in the general population and are traditionally viewed as two distinct disease entities that can be easily differentiated by clinicians in the majority of cases. Both of them are characterized by a combination of multifactorial inflammatory processes and airway obstruction. In both diseases, the complexity of inflammatory processes affects the variable response to the given treatment among and...
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Cognitive effects of hormone replacement therapy in menopausal women
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Žan Kovačič INTRODUCTION: Hormone replacement therapy (HRT) is prescribed to women for the treatment of postmenopausal symptoms; however, there remains doubt about what kind of influence does it have on cognition. Previous studies, in animal models and observational clinical data, showed that estrogen could have a positive effect on the aging brain; but large clinical trials, such as the Women’s Health Initiative Memory Studies (WHIMS), showed a negative effect on cognition in older women. We aimed to...
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Cognitive impairment in multiple sclerosis
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Meytar Zohari Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a neuroinflammatory, potentially disabling demyelinating disease of the central nervous system (CNS), with neurodegeneration being the most prominent in progressive phenotypes. The disease results in motor, sensory and cognitive symptoms, all of which can occur independently of one another. Patients with multiple neurological signs or CNS lesions that are separated in time are diagnosed with relapsing-remitting (RR) or primary progressive multiple sclerosis (PPMS)....
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Cognitive-behavioural therapy of obsessive-compulsive disorder
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Veronika Nives Zorić Obsessive-compulsive disorder is a severe and debilitating psychiatric disorder affecting more and more people worldwide. As the fourth most common psychiatric disorder, its history can be traced back to the 16th century. Although previously classified as an anxiety disorder in DSM-IV, it has recently been given its own chapter with related disorders in DSM-5. In ICD-10, OCD is grouped with neurotic, stress-related and somatoform disorders, and given the code F42. ICD-10 subdivides OCD into...
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Common complications of mechanical ventilation and multimodal prevention strategies
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Andrew Gordon Markle Mechanical ventilation has undergone tremendous change in its fifty years of
mainstream usage. In that time it has made the treatment of previously fatal
diseases possible. Importantly, research has shown that it also has the
potential to cause or exacerbate disease. This paper seeks to explore some
of the more common complications of mechanical ventilation, and methods in
which they may be prevented or ameliorated.
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Common interactions between drugs and herbal supplements used in alternative medicine
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Daniella Eva Sanković Dietary supplements are formulations which contain pharmacologically active phytochemicals. In recent years, the use of alternative and complementary medicine (CAM) has increased significantly. As herbal supplement manufacturers aren’t obligated to undergo extensive regulation, the possibility of herb-drug interactions is increased when compared with the likelihood of interactions between two prescription drugs. There is a common misconception that because herbal supplements are derived...
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Common pitfalls in abdominal aortic surgery and how to deal with them
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Hettiarachchige Tikiri Ooshadhi Shalane Perera An aneurysm is a focal enlargement of an artery to 1.5 times its normal diameter or more. Most abdominal aortic aneurysms are asymptomatic until they rupture, but some are detected when an imaging study is done for other purposes. The risk factors for abdominal aortic aneurysms are smoking, male sex, age (above sixty-five), hypertension, ischemic heart disease, peripheral vascular disease and positive family history. There are many different modalities that can be used to diagnose an...
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Communication with an obese person
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Nora Rako Epidemic of obesity is present worldwide. Obesity-related diseases are the main cause of mortality and morbidity, with huge impact on social aspect of life. Since terminology used during diagnosis of obesity is sometimes perceived as insulting, the proper communication with physicians is of the most importance. A study was conducted with the aim to provide a term that would regain consciousness about medical condition avoiding unnecessary discomfort. A total of 200 students (153 females, 47...
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Comparison of Hemodiafiltration and Hemodialysis in Patients with End Stage Renal Disease
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Nicola Michael Beat Willi Pohly The most common and widely used form of dialysis is hemodialysis. Throughout time new forms of dialysis and combinations out of existing methods were invented. The problem is where do the newer methods like hemodiafiltration fit in and which niche could they conquer. This study is a single center, case control study in a group of 68 patients with end stage renal disease (45 patients on hemodialysis, 25 patients on hemodiafiltration). We present structured analysis of in total 47 parameters,...
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